The reconstruction of calvarial defects is currently addressed using various autografting and allografting techniques. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the value of adding stem cells derived from adipocyte tissue to these defects In this experiment, 18New Zealand rabbits had a 1.5x1.5 cm cranial-bone defect. This defect was filled with either bone dust alone or stem cells alone. The BMD were calculated by using DEXA scanning at weeks 1,16, and 32postoperatively. The results were also measured qualitatively at week 32 using histomorphic analysis. The results showed a statistical significance with a p-value of .014 at week 32 for the group over 1million pre-adipocyte cells. This result was comparable when the bone formation analysis was analyzed between groups. Using one-way-ANOVA, the 3groups treated were different by p=0.008. Using post hoc analysis, the rabbits with >1x106 cells had significantly higher density than either the control(p=0.009)or<1x106(p = 0.046) groups. The <1x106 group was not different from the control group. These results show that using peripheral adipose tissue as a source for stem cells may become an option in the future for reconstructing bony defects.